Poltoratskiy’s work highlights that this occurs due to the complex nature of the energy spectra in these systems. Unlike Hermitian systems where the spectrum forms closed loops in the complex plane, non-Hermitian systems often feature winding loops around exceptional points. Poltoratskiy demonstrated that the winding number of these loops serves as a topological invariant that dictates the accumulation of states at the boundaries.
Occurs when price breaks through a established fractal boundary and continues decisively in the direction of the breakout. vladimir poltoratskiy pdf