The author argues that modern societies prioritize utility over culture. This is highly applicable to Singapore. As a small nation with no natural resources, our survival has historically depended on economic pragmatism. This is evident in our education system, where subjects like Mathematics and Science are often prioritized over the Humanities and the Arts. The phrase "economic survival" is often used to justify policies that sacrifice heritage, such as the demolition of historical sites like the National Library or the Bawean arcade to make way for development. This supports the author’s view that progress often comes at the expense of cultural memory.

While these spaces attract lifestyle consumers, they risk overshadowing the art itself. Many locals visit these spaces for social media aesthetics ("Instagrammable spots") rather than educational or historical enrichment, aligning with Passage 1's concern over the "noisy clamor of the present." Core Vocabulary and Links From This Paper

The author's tone in these passages is frequently critical, skeptical, or ironic. Identifying this early helps in paraphrasing the "intended meaning" of specific phrases.