If the system overshoots or reacts aggressively to sudden changes, increase Kd (try increments of 0.5 ). This adds a dampening effect, smoothing out the curve as the temperature approaches the setpoint. Best Practices for Simulation Success
The code uses an if (dt >= 0.1) conditional block. This ensures that derivative and integral calculations happen at a fixed interval (100 milliseconds) rather than varying every CPU cycle, avoiding erratic motor spikes. tinkercad pid control