For systems involving fluid flow (e.g., turbines, pumps), the conservation of energy includes internal energy, flow work, kinetic energy, and potential energy. 5. Applications in Energy Systems
Why? Because when the system expands, it loses energy to the surroundings. This convention aligns with the First Law: ( \Delta U = Q - W ) (where ( W ) is work done by the system).
) is the energy interaction between a system and its surroundings that is driven by forces other than a temperature difference. In a broader mechanical sense, work is performed when a force acts through a distance. Boundary Work (
on the surroundings is designated as positive (+W) (e.g., a gas expanding and moving a piston).
