I realize: This is why you need to check the official answer. The correct proof requires the rule of modus tollens on 1 after deriving ¬Q. But we derived Q, not ¬Q. So the proof is impossible? That suggests I mis-copied the exercise. In fact, the valid version is: P → Q, ¬Q → R, ¬R ∴ ¬P. Yes – that is valid via MT twice: 4. ¬¬Q (2,3 MT) 5. Q (4 DN) – Wait that doesn’t help. I’m stuck again.
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Introduction to Logic by Irving Copi (14th Edition): Solutions, Study Strategies, and Guide So the proof is impossible
Mastering Reason: A Deep Dive into Irving Copi’s Introduction to Logic (14th Edition) Yes – that is valid via MT twice: 4
Irving Copi’s Introduction to Logic is a foundational textbook for students and professionals. For decades, it has served as a clear guide to critical thinking, formal logic, and informal logic. The 14th edition updates traditional logical concepts with modern examples, making complex ideas easier to understand.
Explanations for why specific arguments fall into traps like ad hominem , straw man , or false dichotomy .
Here, the book introduces categorical propositions and syllogisms. Exercises in these chapters require you to master Venn diagrams and the traditional square of opposition to test the validity of classical arguments. 4. Modern Symbolic Logic